Man Page acc.1
NAME
acc - C compiler
SYNOPSIS
acc [ -Aname [(tokens) ] ] [ -a ] [ -B [static|dynamic] ]
[ -C ] [ -c ] [ -cg89 ] [ -cg92 ] [ -Dname [=token ] ]
[ -dalign ] [ -d [y|n] ] [ -dryrun ] [ -E ] [ -fast ]
[ -fd ] [ -flags ] [ -fnonstd ] [ -fns ] [ -fround=r ]
[ -fsimple[=n] ] [ -fsingle ] [ -ftrap=t ] [ -G ]
[ -g ] [ -H ] [ -help ] [ -hname ] [ -Idir ]
[ -inline=[f1,...,fn] ] [ -KPIC ] [ -Kpic ] [ -keeptmp ]
[ -Ldir ] [ -lname ] [ -libmieee ] [ -libmil ] [ -M ]
[ -misalign ] [ -misalign2 ] [ -mt ] [ -native ] [ -nolib ]
[ -nolibmil ] [ -noqueue ] [ -O[1|2|3|4|5] ]
[ -o outputfile ] [ -P ] [ -p ] [ -pg ] [ -PIC ] [ -pic ]
[ -Qdir dir ] [ -Qoption c arg ] [ -Qpath dir ]
[ -Qproduce srctype ] [ -qdir dir ] [ -qoption c arg ]
[ -qpath dir ] [ -qproduce srctype ]
[ -R dir[:dir] ] [ -S ] [ -s ] [ -sb ] [ -sbfast ]
[ -strconst ] [ -temp=dir ] [ -time ] [ -Uname ]
[ -unroll =n ] [ -V ] [ -v ] [ -vc ] [ -w ]
[ -X [a |c |s |t ]] [ -xa ] [ -xarch=a ] [ -xautopar ]
[ -xcache=c ] [ -xCC ] [ -xcg89 ] [ -xcg92 ] [ -xchip=c ]
[ -xdepend ] [ -xe ] [ -xexplicitpar ]
[ -xF ] [ -xhelp=f ] [ -xildoff ]
[ -xildon ] [ -xinline=[f1,...,fn] ] [ -xlibmieee ]
[ -xlibmil ] [ -xlicinfo ] [ -xlic_lib_=l ] [ -xloopinfo ]
[ -xM ] [ -xM1 ]
[ -xMerge ] [ -xnolib ] [ -xnolibmil ] [ -xO[1|2|3|4|5] ]
[ -xP ] [ -xparallel ] [ -xpg ] [ -xprofile=p ]
[ -xreduction ] [ -xregs=r ]
[ -xrestrict=f ] [ -xs ] [ -xsafe=mem ] [ -xsb ]
[ -xsbfast ] [ -xsfpconst ] [ -xspace ]
[ -xstrconst ] [ -xtarget=t ] [ -xtemp=dir ] [ -xtime ]
[ -xtransition ] [ -xunroll=n ] [ -xvpara ] [ -Y,dir ]
[ -Zll ] [ -Zlp ] [ -Ztha ]
DESCRIPTION
acc (SPARC only) is not intended to be used directly on
Solaris. The sole purpose for making it available on
Solaris is to enable /usr/ucb/cc. The package SUNWscpu must
be installed to use this. The options for /usr/ucb/cc are
the same as for acc and are described here.
acc is the C compiler. It translates programs written in the
C programming language into executable load modules, or into
relocatable binary programs for subsequent loading with the
ld(1) link editor.
In addition to the many options, acc accepts several types
of filename arguments. For instance, files with names end-
ing in .c are taken to be C source programs. They are
compiled, and each resulting object program is placed in the
current directory. The object file is named after its
source file - the suffix .o replacing .c in the name of the
object. In the same way, files whose names end with .s are
taken to be assembly source programs. They are assembled,
and produce .o files. Filenames ending in .il are taken to
be inline expansion code template files; these are used to
expand calls to selected routines in-line when code optimi-
zation is enabled. See FILES, below for a complete list of
compiler-related filename suffixes.
Other arguments refer to assembler or loader options, object
programs, or object libraries. Unless -c, -S, -E -P or
-Qproduce is specified, these programs and libraries,
together with the results of any specified compilations or
assemblies, are linked (in the order given) to produce an
output file named a.out. You can specify a name for the
executable by using the -o option.
If a single file is compiled and linked all at once, the
intermediate files are deleted.
See option -Yc, dir to change the default directories used
for finding libraries. dir is a colon-separated path list.
The default library search order for cc is:
/opt/SUNWspro/SC5.0/lib
/usr/ccs/lib
/usr/lib
OPTIONS
All platform-specific options are "silently accepted" on all
platforms. Any exceptions to this rule are noted under the
specific option.
When debugging or profiling objects are compiled using the
-g or -pg options, respectively, the ld command for linking
them should also contain the appropriate option.
See ld(1) for link-time options.
-a Insert code to count how many times each basic block is
executed. This is the old style of basic block profil-
ing for tcov. See -xprofile=tcov for information on the
new style of profiling and the tcov(1) man page for
more details.
Invokes a runtime recording mechanism that creates a .d
file for every .c file (at normal termination). The .d
file accumulates execution data for the corresponding
source file. The tcov(1) utility can then be run on
the source file to generate statistics about the pro-
gram. This option is incompatible with -g .
-Aname[(tokens)]
Associate name as a predicate with the specified tokens
as if by a #assert preprocessing directive.
Preassertions:
system(unix)
cpu(sparc)
machine(sparc)
The above are not predefined in -Xc mode.
If -A is followed by a dash (-) only, it causes all
predefined macros (other than those that begin with __)
and predefined assertions to be forgotten.
-B [static|dynamic]
-B dynamic causes the link editor to look for files
named libx.so and then for files named libx.a when
given the -lx option. -B static causes the link editor
to look only for files named libx.a. This option may
be specified multiple times on the command line as a
toggle. This option and its argument are passed to ld.
-C Cause the preprocessor to pass along all comments other
than those on preprocessing directive lines.
-c Suppress linking with ld(1) and produce a .o file for
each source file. A single object file can be named
explicitly using the -o option.
-cg89
This option is a macro for:
-xarch=v7 -xchip=old -xcache=64/32/1.
-cg92
This option is a macro for:
-xarch=v8 -xchip=super -xcache=16/32/4:1024/32/1.
-Dname[=token]
Associates name with the specified token as if by a
#define preprocessing directive. If no =token is
specified, the token 1 is supplied.
Predefinitions:
sparc
sun
unix
The above are not predefined in -Xc mode.
These predefinitions are valid in all modes:
__sparc
__unix
__sun
__BUILTIN_VA_ARG_INCR
__SUNPRO_C=0x420
__SVR4
__`uname -s` `uname -r`
-dalign
Generate double-word load/store instructions whenever
possible for improved performance. Assumes that all
double and long long type data are double-word aligned,
and should not be used when correct alignment is not
assured.
-d [y|n]
-dy specifies dynamic linking, which is the default, in
the link editor. -dn specifies static linking in the
link editor. This option and its argument are passed
to ld.
-dryrun
Show but do not execute the commands constructed by the
compilation driver.
-E Preprocess only the named C files and send the result
to the standard output. The output will contain
preprocessing directives for use by the next pass of
the compilation system.
-fast
Select the optimum combination of compilation options
for speed. This should provide close to the maximum
performance for most realistic applications. Modules
compiled with -fast , must also be linked with -fast .
It is a convenience option, and it chooses the fastest
code generation option available on the compile-time
hardware, the optimization level -O2, a set of inline
expansion templates, the -fns option, the -ftrap=%none
option, and the -dalign option.
If you combine -fast with other options, the last
specification applies. The code generation option, the
optimization level and using inline template files can
be overridden by subsequent switches. For example,
although the optimization part of -fast is -O4 , the
optimization part of -fast -O1 is -O1 .
Do not use this option for programs that depend on IEEE
standard exception handling; you can get different
numerical results, premature program termination, or
unexpected SIGFPE signals.
-fd Report old-style function definitions and declarations.
-flags
Print a summary of each compiler option.
-fnonstd
This option is a macro for -fns and -ftrap=common.
-fns Turn on the SPARC nonstandard floating-point mode.
The default is the SPARC standard floating-point mode.
If you compile one routine with -fns, then compile all
the program routines with the -fns option; otherwise,
you can get unexpected results.
-fround=r
Set the IEEE 754 rounding mode that is established at
runtime during the program initialization.
r must be one of: nearest, tozero, negative, positive.
The default is -fround=nearest.
The meanings are the same as those for the ieee_flags
subroutine.
If you compile one routine with -fround=r, compile all
the program routines with the same -fround=r option;
otherwise, you can get unexpected results.
-fsimple[=n]
Allow the optimizer to make simplifying assumptions
concerning floating-point arithmetic. If n is present,
it must be 0, 1, or 2.
The defaults are:
o With no -fsimple[=n], the compiler uses -fsimple=0.
o With only -fsimple, no =n, the compiler uses -fsim-
ple=1.
-fsimple=0
Permit no simplifying assumptions. Preserve strict IEEE
754 conformance.
-fsimple=1
Allow conservative simplifications. The resulting code
does not strictly conform to IEEE 754, but numeric
results of most programs are unchanged.
With -fsimple=1, the optimizer can assume the follow-
ing:
o The IEEE 754 default rounding/trapping modes do not
change after process initialization.
o Computations producing no visible result other than
potential floating- point exceptions may be deleted.
o Computations with Infinity or NaNs as operands need
not propagate NaNs to their results. For example, x*0
may be replaced by 0.
o Computations do not depend on sign of zero.
With -fsimple=1, the optimizer is not allowed to optim-
ize completely without regard to roundoff or excep-
tions. In particular, a floating-point computation can-
not be replaced by one that produces different results
with rounding modes held constant at run time. -fast
implies -fsimple=1.
-fsimple=2
Permit aggressive floating point optimizations that may
cause many programs to produce different numeric
results due to changes in rounding. For example, permit
the optimizer to replace all computations of x/y in a
given loop with x*z, where x/y is guaranteed to be
evaluated at least once in the loop, z=1/y, and the
values of y and z are known to have constant values
during execution of the loop.
Even with -fsimple=2, the optimizer still is not per-
mitted to introduce a floating point exception in a
program that otherwise produces none.
-fsingle
( -Xt and -Xs modes only). Causes the compiler to
evaluate float expressions as single precision rather
than double precision. (This option has no effect if
the compiler is used in either -Xa or -Xc modes, as
float expressions are already evaluated as single pre-
cision.)
-ftrap=t
Set the IEEE 754 trapping mode in effect at startup.
t is a comma-separated list that consists of one or
more of the following: %all, %none, common,
[no%]invalid, [no%]overflow, [no%]underflow,
[no%]division, [no%]inexact.
The default is -ftrap=%none.
This option sets the IEEE 754 trapping modes that are
established at program initialization. Processing is
left-to-right. The common exceptions, by definition,
are invalid, division by zero, and overflow.
Example: -ftrap=%all,no%inexact means set all traps,
except inexact.
The meanings are the same as for the ieee_flags subrou-
tine, except that:
o %all turns on all the trapping modes.
o %none, the default, turns off all trapping modes.
o A no% prefix turns off that specific trapping mode.
If you compile one routine with -ftrap=t, compile all
routines of the program with the same -ftrap=t option;
otherwise, you can get unexpected results.
-G Direct the link editor to produce a shared object
rather than a dynamically linked executable. This
option is passed to ld. It cannot be used with the -dn
option.
-g Produce additional symbol table information for dbx(1).
The -g option makes -xildon the default incremental
linker option. See -xildon. Invoke ild in place of ld
unless any of the following are true: The -G option is
present, the -xildoff option is present, any source
files are named on the command line.
When used with the -O option, a limited amount of
debugging is available. The combination, -xO4 -g, turns
off the inlining that you usually get with -xO4.
-H Print, one per line, the path name of each file
included during the current compilation on the standard
error output.
-help
Display a one-line summary of compiler options.
-hname
Names a shared dynamic library. The -hname option
assigns a name to a shared dynamic library. This pro-
vides versions of a shared dynamic library. In general,
the name after -h should be exactly what you have
after the -o. You may insert a space between -h and
name. This option is passed to ld.
-Idir
Add dir to the list of directories in which to search
for #include files with relative filenames (not begin-
ning with slash /). The preprocessor first searches
for #include files in the directory containing source-
file, then in directories named with -I options (if
any), and finally, in /usr/include.
-inline=[f1,...,fn]
For user-written routines, try to inline only those
named in the list f1 to fn. It tries routines only in
the file being compiled. The list is a comma-separated
list of functions and subroutines.
If compiling with -O3, this can increase optimization
by inlining some routines. The -O3 option inlines none
by itself.
If compiling with -O4, this can decrease optimization
by restricting inlining to only those routines in the
list. With -O4, the compiler normally tries to inline
all user-written subroutines and functions. When xin-
line= is specified with an empty rlist, it indicates
that none of the routines in the source file are to be
inlined.
A routine is not inlined if any of the following apply
(no warning):
o Optimization is less than -O3
o The routine cannot be found
o Inlining the routine does not look profitable or
safe to iropt
o The source for the routine is not in the file being
compiled
-KPIC
Like -Kpic, but allows the global offset table to span
the range of 32-bit addresses in those rare cases where
there are too many global data objects for -Kpic.
-Kpic
Produce position-independent code. Each reference to a
global datum is generated as a dereference of a pointer
in the global offset table. Each function call is gen-
erated in pc-relative addressing mode through a pro-
cedure linkage table. The size of the global offset
table is 8K on SPARC processors.
-keeptmp
Retains files created during compilation, rather than
automatically deleting them.
-Ldir
Add dir to the list of directories containing object-
library routines (for linking using ld(1).
-lname
Link with object library name (for ld(1)). This option
must follow the sourcefile arguments.
-libmieee
Force IEEE 754 style return values for math routines in
exceptional cases. In such cases, no exeception mes-
sage will be printed, and errno should not be relied
on.
-libmil
Inlines some library routines for faster execution.
-M Run only the macro preprocessor (cpp) on the named C
programs, requesting that it generate makefile depen-
dencies and send the result to the standard output (see
make(1) for details about makefiles and dependencies).
-misalign
-misalign assumes that data is not properly aligned and
thus very conservative loads and stores must be used
for data, that is, one byte at a time. Using this
option can cause significant performance degradation
when running the program.
-misalign2
-misalign2, like -misalign, assumes that data is not
properly aligned, but that data is at least half-word
aligned. Though conservative uses of loads and stores
must be used for data, the performance degradation when
running a program should be less than for -misalign.
-mt Passes D_REENTRANT to preprocessor. Appends -l thread.
If you are doing your own multithread coding, you must
use this option in the compile and link steps. To
obtain faster execution, this option requires a mul-
tiprocessor system. On a single-processor system, the
resulting executable usually runs more slowly with this
option.
-native
Ascertain which code-generation options are available
on the machine running the compiler, and direct the
compiler to generate code targeted for that machine.
This option is a synonym for -xtarget=native .
The -fast macro includes -native in its expansion.
-nolib
Does not link any libraries by default; that is, no -l
options are passed to ld . Normally, the acc driver
passes -lm -lansi -lc to ld .
When you use -nolib , you have to pass all -l options
yourself. For example:
acc test.c -nolib -lansi -Bstatic -lm -Bdynamic
-lc
links libm statically and the other libraries dynami-
cally.
-nolibmil
Reset -fast so that it does not include inline tem-
plates. Use this after the -fast option: cc fast
nolibmil ...
-noqueue
Tells the compiler not to queue this compile request if
a license is not available.
-O[1|2|3|4|5]
Optimize the object code. May be used with -g, but not
with -xa. Specifying -O is equivalent to specifying
-O2. Level is one of:
1 Do basic local optimization (peephole).
2 Do basic local and global optimization. This
is induction variable elimination, local and
global common subexpression elimination,
algebraic simplification, copy propagation,
constant propagation, loop-invariant optimi-
zation, register allocation, basic block
merging, tail recursion elimination, dead
code elimination, tail call elimination and
complex expression expansion.
The -O2 level does not assign global, exter-
nal, or indirect references to registers. It
treats these references and definitions as if
they were declared "volatile." In general,
the -O2 level results in minimum code size.
3 Beside what -O2 does, this also optimizes
references and definitions for external vari-
ables. Loop unrolling and software pipelin-
ing are also performed. The -O3 level does
not trace the effects of pointer assignments.
When compiling either device drivers, or pro-
grams that modify external variables from
within signal handlers, you may need to use
the volatile type qualifier to protect the
object from optimization. In general, the -O3
level results in increased code size.
4 Besides what -O3 does, this also does
automatic inlining of functions contained in
the same file; this usually improves
execution speed. The -O4 level does trace the
effects of pointer assignments. In general,
the -O4 level results in increased code size.
5 Generate the highest level of optimization.
Use optimization algorithms that take more
compilation time or that do not have as high
a certainty of improving execution time.
Optimization at this level is more likely to
improve performance if it is done with pro-
file feedback.
If the optimizer runs out of memory, it tries to
recover by retrying the current procedure at a
lower level of optimization and resumes subsequent
procedures at the original level specified in the
command-line option.
If you optimize at -O3 or -O4 with very large pro-
cedures (thousands of lines of code in the same
procedure), the optimizer may require a large
amount of virtual memory. In such cases, machine
performance may degrade.
-o outputfile
Name the output file outputfile. outputfile must have
the appropriate suffix for the type of file to be pro-
duced by the compilation (see FILES, below). outputfile
cannot be the same as sourcefile (the compiler will not
overwrite the source file).
-P Preprocess only. Puts the output in a file with a .i
suffix. The output will not contain any preprocessor
line directives, unlike the -E option.
-p Prepare the object code to collect data for profiling
with prof(1). Invokes a run-time recording mechanism
that produces a mon.out file (at normal termination).
-pg Prepare the object code to collect data for profiling
with gprof(1). Invokes a run-time recording mechanism
that produces a gmon.out file (at normal termination).
-PIC Same as -KPIC.
-pic Same as -Kpic.
-Qdir dir
Look for compiler components in directory dir.
-Qoption c arg
Pass the option arg to the component c. The option
must be appropriate to that component and may begin
with a minus sign. c can be one of: acomp, fbe cg,
iropt, or ld.
-Qpath dir
Insert directory dir into the compilation search path.
The path will be searched for alternate versions of the
compilation programs, such as acomp(1), and ld(1).
This path will also be searched first for certain relo-
catable object files that are implicitly referenced by
the compiler driver, for example *crt*.o and bb_link.o.
-Qproduce srctype
Produce source code of the type sourcetype. sourcetype
can be one of:
.i Preprocessed C source.
.o Object file.
.s Assembler source.
-qdir dir
Same as -Qdir dir.
-qoption c arg
Same as -Qoption c arg.
-qpath dir
Same as -Qpath dir.
-qproduce srctype
Same as -Qproduce srctype.
-R dir[:dir]
A colon-separated list of directories used to specify
library search directories to the runtime linker. If
present and not null, it is recorded in the output
object file and passed to the runtime linker.
If both LD_RUN_PATH and the -R option are specified,
the -R option takes precedence.
-S Do not assemble the program but produce an assembly
source file.
-s Remove all symbolic debugging information from the out-
put object file. Passed to ld(1).
-sb Generate extra symbol table information for the Sun
Source Code Browser.
-sbfast
Create the database for the Sun Source Code Browser,
but do not actually compile.
-strconst
Insert string literals into the read-only data section
of the text segment instead of the data segment.
-temp=dir
Set directory for temporary files to be dir.
-time
Report execution times for the various compilation
passes.
-Uname
Cause any definition of name to be undefined, as if by
a #undef preprocessing directive. If the same name is
specified for both -D and -U, name is not defined,
regardless of the order of the options.
-unroll=n
Specifies whether or not the compiler optimizes
(unrolls) loops. n is a positive integer. When n is
1, it is a command and the compiler unrolls no loops.
When n is greater than 1, the -unroll=n merely suggests
to the compiler that unrolled loops be unrolled n
times.
-V Print the name and version ID of each pass as the com-
piler executes.
-v Verbose. Print the version number of the compiler and
the name of each program it executes.
-vc Directs the compiler to perform stricter semantic
checks and enable other lint-like checks.
-w Do not print warnings.
-X[a|c|s|t]
Specify the degree of conformance to the ANSI C stan-
dard. The degree of conformance can be one of the fol-
lowing:
a (ANSI)
ANSI C plus Sun C compatibility extensions, with
semantic changes required by ANSI C. Where Sun C
and ANSI C specify different semantics for the
same construct, the compiler will issue warnings
about the conflict and use the ANSI C interpreta-
tion. This is the default mode.
c (conformance)
Maximally conformant ANSI C, without Sun C compa-
tibility extensions. The compiler will issue
errors and warnings for programs that use non-ANSI
C constructs.
s (Sun C)
The compiled language includes all features compa-
tible with (pre-ANSI) Sun C. The compiler tries
to warn about all language constructs that have
differing behavior between Sun ANSI C and the old
Sun C. Invokes cpp for processing. __STDC__ is not
defined in this mode.
t (transition)
ANSI C plus Sun C compatibility extensions,
without semantic changes required by ANSI C.
Where Sun C and ANSI C specify different semantics
for the same construct, the compiler will issue
warnings about the conflict and use the Sun C
interpretation.
The predefined macro __STDC__ has the value 0 for -Xt
and -Xa, and 1 for -Xc. (It is not defined for -Xs.)
All warning messages about differing behavior can be
eliminated through appropriate coding; for example, use
of casts can eliminate the integral promotion change
warnings.
-xa Same as -a.
-xarch=a
Limit the set of instructions the compiler may use.
a must be one of: generic, v7, v8a, v8, v8plus,
v8plusa.
Although this option can be used alone, it is part of
the expansion of the -xtarget option; its primary use
is to override a value supplied by the -xtarget option.
This option limits the instructions generated to those
of the specified architecture, and allows the specified
set of instructions. The option does not guarantee the
specified set is used; however, under optimization, the
set is usually used.
If this option is used with optimization, the appropri-
ate choice can provide good performance of the execut-
able on the specified architecture. An inappropriate
choice can result in serious degradation of perfor-
mance.
v7, v8, and v8a are all binary compatible. v8plus and
v8plusa are binary compatible with each other and
forward, but not backward. For any particular choice,
the generated executable can run much more slowly on
earlier architectures (to the left in the above list).
See the C 4.0 User's Guide for details.
The -xarch values are:
generic
Get good performance on most SPARCs, and major
degradation on none. This is the default.
v7 Limit the instruction set to V7 architecture.
v8a Limit the instruction set to the V8a version of
the V8 architecture.
v8 Limit the instruction set to V8 architecture.
v8plus
Limit the instruction set to the V8plus version
of the V9 architecture.
v8plusa
Limit the instruction set to the V8plusa version
of the V9 architecture.
-xautopar
Turn on automatic parallelization for multiple proces-
sors. Does dependence analysis (analyze loops for
inter- iteration data dependence) and loop restructur-
ing. If optimization is not at -xO3 or higher, optimi-
zation is raised to -xO3 and a warning is emitted.
-xcache=c
Define the cache properties for use by the optimizer.
c must be one of the following:
o generic
o s1/l1/a1
o s1/l1/a1:s2/l2/a2
o s1/l1/a1:s2/l2/a2:s3/l3/a3
The si/li/ai are defined as follows:
si
The size of the data cache at level i, in kilobytes
li
The line size of the data cache at level i, in bytes
ai
The associativity of the data cache at level i
Although this option can be used alone, it is part of
the expansion of the -xtarget option; its primary use
is to override a value supplied by the -xtarget option.
This option specifies the cache properties that the
optimizer can use. It does not guarantee that any par-
ticular cache property is used.
The -xcache values are:
generic
Define the cache properties for good performance
on most SPARCs. This is the default.
s1/l1/a1
Define level 1 cache properties.
s1/l1/a1:s2/l2/a2
Define levels 1 and 2 cache properties.
s1/l1/a1:s2/l2/a2:s3/l3/a3
Define levels 1, 2, and 3 cache properties.
-xCC Accept C++-style comments.
-xcg89
Same as -cg89.
-xcg92
Same as -cg92.
-xchip=c
Specify the target processor for use by the optimizer.
c must be one of: generic, old, super, super2, micro,
micro2, hyper, hyper2, powerup, ultra.
Although this option can be used alone, it is part of
the expansion of the -xtarget option; its primary use
is to override a value supplied by the -xtarget option.
This option specifies timing properties by specifying
the target processor.
Some effects are:
o The ordering of instructions, that is, scheduling
o The way the compiler uses branches
o The instructions to use in cases where semantically
equivalent alternatives are available
The -xchip values are:
generic
Use timing properties for good performance on
most SPARCs.
old Use timing properties of pre-SuperSPARC proces-
sors.
super Use timing properties of the SuperSPARC chip.
super2 Use timing properties of the SuperSPARC II chip.
micro Use timing properties of the microSPARC chip.
micro2 Use timing properties of the microSPARC II chip.
hyper Use timing properties of the hyperSPARC chip.
hyper2 Use timing properties of the hyperSPARC II chip.
powerup
Use timing properties of the Weitek PowerUp
chip.
ultra Use timing properties of the UltraSPARC chip.
-xdepend
Analyze loops for inter-iteration data dependencies and
do loop restructuring. Dependence analysis is included
in -xautopar. The dependency analysis is done at com-
pile time. The -xdepend option is ignored unless
either -xO3 or -xO4 is on, explicitly, or by another
option.
-xe Performs only syntax and semantic checking on the
source files, but does not produce any object or exe-
cutable code.
-xexplicitpar
Parallelize the loops that are specified. You do the
dependency analysis: analyze and specify loops for
inter-iteration and data dependencies. The software
parallelizes the specified loops. If optimization is
not at -xO3 or higher, then it is raised to -xO3.
Avoid -xexplicitpar if you do your own thread
management.
The -xexplicitpar option requires the iMPact C mul-
tiprocessor enhancement package. To get faster code,
use this option on a multiprocessor system. On a
single-processor system, the generated code usually
runs slower.
If you identify a loop for parallelization, and the
loop has dependencies, you can get incorrect results,
possibly different ones with each run, and with no
warnings. Do not apply an explicit parallel pragma to
a reduction loop. The explicit parallelization is
done, but the reduction aspect of the loop is not done,
and the results can be incorrect.
If you use -xexplicitpar and compile and link in one
step, then linking automatically includes the micro-
tasking library and the threads-safe C runtime library.
If you use -xexplicitpar and compile and link in
separate steps, then you must also link with -xexpli-
citpar.
-xF Enables performance analysis of the executable using
the Analyzer and Debugger. (See analyzer(1) and
debugger(1) man pages.) Produces code that can be
reordered at the function level. Each function in the
file is placed in a separate section; for example,
functions foo() and bar() will be placed in the sec-
tions .text%foo and .text%bar , respectively. Function
ordering in the executable can be controlled by using
-xF in conjunction with the -M option to ld (see
ld(1)).
-xhelp=f
Display on-line help information.
-xhelp=flags displays a summary of the compiler
options; -xhelp=readme displays the readme file;
-xhelp=errors displays the Error and Warning Messages
file.
-xildoff
Turn off the incremental linker and force the use of
ld. This option is the default if you do not use the
-g option, or you do use the -G option, or any source
files are present on the command line. Override this
default by using the -xildon option.
-xildon
Turn on the incremental linker and force the use of ild
in incremental mode. This option is the default if you
use the -g option, and you do not use the -G option,
and there are no source files present on the command
line. Override this default by using the -xildoff
option.
-xinline=[f1,...,fn]
Same as -inline.
-xlibmieee
Same as -libmieee.
-xlibmil
Same as -libmil.
-xlic_lib_=l
Link in the Sun supplied licensed libraries specified
in l, where l is a comma-separated list of libraries.
-xlicinfo
Returns information about the licensing system. In
particular, it returns the name of the license server
and the userids of users who have licenses checked out.
When you use this option, the compiler is not invoked
and a license is not checked out.
-xloopinfo
Show which loops are parallelized and which are not.
This option is normally for use with the -xautopar and
-xexplicitpar options. It requires the iMPact C mul-
tiprocessor enhancement package.
-xM Generate makefile dependencies.
-xM1 Generate makefile dependencies.
-xMerge
Directs acc to merge the data segment with the text
segment for assembler. Data initialized in the object
file produced by this compilation is read-only and
(unless linked with ld-N) is shared between processes.
-xnolib
Same as -nolib.
-xnolibmil
Same as -nolibmil.
-xO[1|2|3|4|5]
Same as -O[1|2|3|4|5].
-xP Print prototypes for K&R C function definitions.
-xparallel
Parallelize both automatic and explicit loops. This
option invokes -xautopar, -xdepend, and -xexplicitpar.
There is a risk of producing incorrect results.
Avoid -xparallel if you do your own thread management.
This option requires the iMPact C multiprocessor
enhancement package. To get faster code, use this
option on a multiprocessor SPARC system. On a single-
processor system, the generated code usually runs more
slowly.
The -xautopar option (and therefore the -xparallel
option) includes dependency analysis; that is, if you
try a -xautopar both with and without -xdepend, there
is no noticeable difference.
If you compile and link in one step, -xparallel links
with the microtasking library and the threads-safe C
runtime library. If you compile and link in separate
steps, and you compile with -xparallel, then link with
-xparallel.
-xpg Same as -pg.
-xprofile=p
Collect data for a profile or use a profile to optim-
ize.
p must be collect, use[:name], or tcov.
This option causes execution frequency data to be col-
lected and saved during execution, then the data can be
used in subsequent runs to improve performance. This
option is only valid when a level of optimization is
specified.
collect
Collect and save execution frequency for later use
by the optimizer.
use[:name]
Use execution frequency data saved by the com-
piler. The name is the name of the executable that
is being analyzed. This name is optional. If name
is not specified, a.out is assumed to be the name
of the executable.
tcov Correctly collects data for programs that have
source code in header files or that make use of
C++ templates. See also -xa.
-xreduction
Analyze loops for reduction in automatic paralleliza-
tion. To enable parallelization of reduction loops,
specify both -xreduction and -xautopar.
If you specify -xreduction without -xautopar, the com-
piler issues a warning.
This option requires the iMPact C multiprocessor
enhancement package. To get faster code, this option
also requires a multiprocessor system. On a single-
processor system, the generated code usually runs more
slowly.
There is always potential for roundoff error with
reduction.
If you have a reduction loop to be parallelized, then
use -xreduction with -xautopar. Do not use an explicit
pragma, because the explicit pragma prevents reduction
for that loop, resulting in wrong answers.
-xregs=r
Specify the usage of registers for the generated code.
r is a comma-separated list that consists of one or
more of the following: [no%]appl, [no%]float.
Example: -xregs=appl,no%float
The -xregs= values are:
appl Allow using the registers g2, g3, and g4.
no%appl
Do not use the appl registers.
float Allow using the floating-point registers as
specified in the SPARC ABI.
no%float
Do not use the floating-point registers.
The default is: -regs=appl,float.
-xrestrict=f
Treat pointer-valued function parameters as restricted
pointers. f is a comma-separated list that consists of
one or more function parameters, %all, %none. This
command-line option can be used on its own, but is best
used with optimization of -xO3 or greater.
The default is %none. Specifying -xrestrict is
equivalent to specifying -xrestrict=%all.
-xs Disable Auto-Read for dbx. Use this option in case you
cannot keep the .o files around. It passes the -s
option to the assembler.
No Auto-Read is the older way of loading symbol tables.
It places all symbol tables for dbx in the executable
file. The linker links more slowly and dbx initializes
more slowly.
Auto-Read is the newer and default way of loading sym-
bol tables. With Auto-Read, the information is distri-
buted in the .o files, so that dbx loads the symbol
table information only if and when it is needed. Hence,
the linker links faster, and dbx initializes faster.
With -xs, if you move the executables to another direc-
tory, then to use dbx, you can ignore the object (.o)
files.
Without -xs, if you move the executables, you must move
both the sources files and the object (.o) files, or
set the path with the dbx pathmap or use command.
-xsafe=mem
Allow the compiler to assume no memory-based traps
occur.
This option grants permission to use the speculative
load instruction on V9 machines.
-xsb Same as -sb.
-xsbfast
Same as -sbfast.
-xsfpconst
Represent unsuffixed floating-point constants as single
precision, instead of the default mode of double preci-
sion. Not valid with -Xc.
-xspace
Do no optimizations that increase code size. Example:
Do not unroll loops.
-xstrconst
Same as -strconst.
-xtarget=t
Specify the target system for the instruction set and
optimization.
t must be one of: native, generic, system-name.
The -xtarget option permits a quick and easy specifica-
tion of the -xarch, -xchip, and -xcache combinations
that occur on real systems. The only meaning of -xtar-
get is in its expansion.
The -xtarget values are:
native Get the best performance on the host system.
generic Get the best performance for generic architec-
ture, chip, and cache. This is the default.
system-name
Get the best performance for the specified
system.
Valid system names are: sun4/15, sun4/20,
sun4/25, sun4/30, sun4/40, sun4/50, sun4/60,
sun4/65, sun4/75, sun4/110, sun4/150,
sun4/260, sun4/280, sun4/330, sun4/370,
sun4/390, sun4/470, sun4/490, sun4/630,
sun4/670, sun4/690, sselc, ssipc, ssipx, sslc,
sslt, sslx, sslx2, ssslc, ss1, ss1plus, ss2,
ss2p, ss4, ss5, ssvyger, ss10, ss10/hs11,
ss10/hs12, ss10/hs14, ss10/20, ss10/hs21,
ss10/hs22, ss10/30, ss10/40, ss10/41, ss10/50,
ss10/51, ss10/61, ss10/71, ss10/402, ss10/412,
ss10/512, ss10/514, ss10/612, ss10/712,
ss20/hs11, ss20/hs12, ss20/hs14, ss20/hs21,
ss20/hs22, ss20/51, ss20/61, ss20/71,
ss20/502, ss20/512, ss20/514, ss20/612,
ss20/712, ss600/41, ss600/51, ss600/61,
ss600/120, ss600/140, ss600/412, ss600/512,
ss600/514, ss600/612, ss1000, sc2000, cs6400,
solb5, solb6, ultra, ultra2, ultra1/140,
ultra1/170, ultra1/200, ultra2/1170,
ultra2/1200, ultra2/1300, ultra2/2170,
ultra2/2200, ultra2/2300, entr2, entr2/1170,
entr2/2170, entr2/1200, entr2/2200, entr150,
entr3000, entr4000, entr5000, entr6000.
See the section on -xtarget=t in the C User's
Guide for the -xtarget expansions that show
the mnemonic encodings of the actual system
names and numbers.
This option is a macro. Each specific value for
-xtarget expands into a specific set of values for the
-xarch, -xchip, and -xcache options. For example:
-xtarget=sun4/15 is equivalent to:
-xarch=v8a -xchip=micro -xcache=2/16/1
-xtemp=dir
Set directory for temporary files to dir.
-xtime
Same as -time.
-xtransition
Issue warnings for differences between K&R C and ANSI
C.
-xunroll=n
Same as -unroll.
-xvpara
Issue warnings for loops that may not be safe to paral-
lelize. As the compiler detects each explicitly paral-
lelized loop that has dependencies, it issues a warning
message but the loop is parallelized. Use with the
-xexplicitpar option and the #pragma MP directive.
This option requires the iMPact C multiprocessor
enhancement package.
-Y,dir
Change default directories for finding libraries files.
-Zll Create the lock_lint database files (.ll files), one
per each .c file compiled for the lock_lint(1) program,
which is included in the iMPact product. Do not actu-
ally compile.
-Zlp Prepare object files for the loop profiler, looptool.
The looptool(1) utility can then be run to generate
loop statistics about the program. Use this option with
-xdepend; if -xdepend is not explicitly or implicitly
specified, turns on -xdepend and issues a warning. If
optimization is not at -O3 or higher, optimization is
raised to -O3 and a warning is issued.
The -Zlp option requires the iMPact C multiprocessor
enhancement package.
acc recognizes -r, -u, -YP,dir, and -z, and passes these
options and their arguments to ld. acc also passes any
unrecognized options to ld with a warning.
PRAGMAS
The following #pragmas are recognized by the compilation
system:
#pragma align, #pragma fini, #prama init, #pragma ident,
#pragma int_to_unsigned, #pragma MP serial_loop, #pragma MP
serial_loop_nested, #pragma MP taskloop, #pragma
nomemorydepend, #pragma no_side_effect, #pragma pack,
#pragma pipeloop, #pragma redefine_extname, #pragma
unknown_control_flow, #pragma unroll, #pragma weak.
Notes on #pragma redefine_extname: This pragma causes every
externally defined occurrence of the name "old_extname" in
the object code to be "new_extname". Such that, at link time
only the name "new_extname" is seen by the loader.
If pragma redefine_extname is encountered after the first
use of "old_extname", as a function definition, an initial-
izer, or an expression, the effect is undefined.
The compiler also predefines the object-like macro
"_PRAGMA_REDEFINE_EXTNAME" to indicate the pragma will be
recognized.
Refer to the C User's Guide for more information on these
pragmas.
FILES
a.out executable output file
file.a library of object files
file.c C source file
file.d tcov(1) test coverage input
file
file.i C source file after prepro-
cessing
file.il inline expansion file
file.o object file
file.s assembler source file
file.tcov output from tcov(1)
acc compiler command line driver
acomp compiler front end
cg code generator
crt1.o runtime startup code
crti.o runtime startup code
crtn.o runtime startup code
fbe assembler
gcrt1.o startup for profiling with
gprof(1)
gmon.out default profile file for -pg
iropt global optimzer
mcrt1.o start-up for profiling with
prof(1) and intro(3)
mon.out default profile file for -p
SunWS_cache The directory used to store
sbrowser(1) data when the -xsb
or -xsbfast flag is used.
SEE ALSO
ar(1), as(1), cflow(1), ctags(1), cxref(1), dbx(1),
gprof(1), ld(1), lint(1), m4(1), make(1S), prof(1), tcov(1)
C User's Guide
B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie, The C Programming
Language, Prentice-Hall, 1978
DIAGNOSTICS
The diagnostics produced by the C compiler are intended to
be self-explanatory. Occasional obscure messages may be
produced by the preprocessor, assembler, or loader.